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29.03.1923
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^esjk
jktuSfrd mÙkjkfèkdkjh jktk
th ugha] tokgjyky gSA og eq>ls fdruk
gh vlegr D;ksa u jgs] ijUrq tc eSa ugha
jgwaxk] og esjh gh Hkk"kk cksysxkA^
;s mn~xkj gSa egkRek xkaèkh dsA xkaèkhth
dk lgh mÙkjkfèkdkjh dkSu\
;g ç'u ckj&ckj mBk djrk FkkA
,d i{k dh jk; Fkh fd xkaèkhth dk
mÙkjkfèkdkj ljnkj iVsy dks
feysxk rks nwljk i{k lksprk Fkk fd jktkth
gh xkaèkhth dh fojklr laHkkysaxsA
tc ;g ppkZ vke gks x;h rks xkaèkhth
us vius mÙkjkfèkdkjh dh ?kks"k.kk
dj nhA okLrfodrk Fkh Hkh ;gh fd xkaèkhth
vkSj tokgjykyth ds chp vusd eqíksa
ij erHksn jgk djrk Fkk] fQj Hkh nksuksa
ds chp lEeku& Lusg ds fj'rs dqN bl rjg
cu x;s Fks fd os ia- tokgjyky usg: dks gh
viuh jktuSfrd olh;r dk gdnkj ekurs FksA
xkaèkhth esa vknfe;ksa ds ij[kus
dh vn~Hkqr {kerk FkhA os tkurs Fks fd foÜo
jktuhfr esa tokgjyky th dk ftruk n[ky gS
mruk u, fdlh jktuSfrd dk;ZdrkZ dk ughaA
jktkth gksa ;k ljnkj iVsy] fdlh dh Hkh -f"V
ls ns'k dh lhekvksa ds ckgj ugha tkrh FkhA
èkhjs&èkhjs ;g ekuk tkus
yxk fd xkaèkhth dk laiw.kZ O;fäRo
fdlh ,d O;fä esa ugha lek ldrkA muds
vyx& vyx xq.kksa ds mÙkjkfèkdkjh
Hkh fHkUu& fHkUu ik= gSaA jktkth xkaèkhth
ds dwVuhfrK le>s tkrs Fks vkSj ljnkj
iVsy muds dBksj fu.kZ;ksa dsA M- jktsUæ
çlkn ds fgLls esa xkaèkhth
dh lknxh vk;h Fkh rks ia- usg: dks mudh
yksdfç;rk fojklr esa feyh FkhA
rFkkfi ;g dguk gh Bhd gksxk fd xkaèkhth
rFkk tokgjyky th ds chp firk& iq= tSls
gh lacaèk FksA 1929 esa jk"Vªifr
¼dkaxzslkè;{k½ cuus
ds iwoZ ia- tokgjyky usg: dkaxzsl ds egkea=h
Fks vkSj eksrhyky th jk"VªifrA
ia- eksrhyky th vLoLFk py jgs FksA mudh
bPNk Fkh fd os vius csVs dks jk"Vªifr
ds :i esa ns[ksaA mUgksaus xkaèkhth
ds lkeus ;g earO; j[k Hkh fn;kA okLro esa
ljnkj iVsy Hkh jk"Vªifr gksus
ds bPNqd FksA fdUrq eksrhyky th dh bPNk
dk leknj djrs gq, xkaèkhth us ljnkj
dks pquko u yMu+s dh lykg nh vkSj tokgjyky
th jk"Vªifr fuokZfpr gks x,A 1931
esa ia- eksrhyky usg: dk fuèku gks
x;kA fdUrq 1929 esa jk"Vª dh ckxMksj
vius bdykSrs csVs ds gkFk lkSaidj os çlUu
gq, FksA 1929 esa dkaxzsl dk ykgkSj vfèkos'ku
laiUu gqvk] mlh le; jkoh rV ij iw.kZ LojkT;
dk mn~?kks"k fd;k x;kA usg: ifjokj
ls xkaèkhth ds lacaèkksa dk
vuqeku blh ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd tc eksrhyky
th dk fuèku gqvk rc xkaèkhth
mudh e`R;q 'kS;k ds fudV FksA mUgksaus cgqr
osnukiw.kZ Loj esa dgk] ^eksrhyky th ds
fuèku ls eSa foèkok gks x;kA^
ia- tokgjyky usg: ls esjk igyk lk{kkRdkj
1937 esa gqvkA 1935 ds xouZesaV vQ
bafM;k ,DV ds varxZr fczfV'k 'kkflr Hkkjrh;
çkarksa esa lhfer yksdfç;
ljdkj dh LFkkiuk gsrq pquko vk;ksftr fd;s
x;s FksA usg: th mlh o"kZ rhljh ckj
jk"Vªifr fuokZfpr gq, FksA pquko
nkSjs ds flyflys esa os fiifj;k vk, gq,
FksA eSa vius fuokZpu {ks= ds dkaxzslh mEehnokj
ykyk vtZquflag dk çpkj dj jgk FkkA
fiifj;k esa vkelHkk rks gqbZ ghA dkaxzsl
dk;ZdrkZvksa dh Hkh ,d cSBd vk;ksftr dh
x;h FkhA eSa Hkh bl cSBd esa cqyk;k x;k
FkkA
fiifj;k ds Mkd caxys esa j[kh x;h bl cSBd
esa ia- usg: dk fetkt dqN m[kM+ x;k FkkA
ckr dqN ,slh gqbZ fd reke dk;ZdrkZvksa ds
fy, pk; eaxk;h x;hA vkSj lc yksx rks lyhds
ls pk; ih jgs Fks] ijUrq dkaxzslh mEehnokj
ykykth BsB nsgkrh <ax ls pk; lqM+d jgs
FksA os di ls IysV esa pk; mM+sayrs] Qwad
ekjdj BaMh djrs] fQj eqag ls xgjh Üokal
[khapdj pk; lqM+drsA bl çfØ;k
esa QqjZ&QqjZ dh vkokt rks gksuh gh
FkhA usg: th us bls xSj 'kÅjh ekuk
vkSj ph[k iM+sA
^dkSu gSa vki\^
^th---thA iafMrth esjk uko ykyk vtZquflagA
eSa bZ tk {ks= ls pquko yM+kvks gwaAÓ
ykykth ldidk x;sA
^ysfdu vki dSls cs'kÅj gSaA pk; ihuk
Hkh ugha vkrkA^
^ge rks xkao esa ,lbZ pk; fi;r gSaA vki
xqLlk djr gSa rks ubZ fi;saA^
ykykth us lkgl cVksjdj dgkA
iafMrth us vka[ksa rjsj dj ns[kk vkSj ykykth
dejs ls ckgjA lkjk okrkoj.k ,d vkrad ls
nc x;kA pk; [kRe gks x;hA fQj cSBd dh vkSipkfjdrkA
mifLFkr dk;ZdrkZvksa dk ifjp;A fiifj;k ds
,d dk;ZdrkZ Lo- eFkqjk çlkn ¼'kk;n
nqcs½ us lcdk ifjp; djkrs gq, eq>s
Hkh lkeus [kM+k dj fn;kA
^;s E;kjke gSaA cgqr mRlkg ls dke dj j,
gSaA^ eFkqjkçlkn th us dgkA
^D;k djrs gks rqe\^ iafMrth us eq>ls
iwNkA
^oSls rks i<+rk gwaA firkth dh chekjh
ds dkj.k bl o"kZ i<+kbZ tkjh ugha
j[k ik;kA^ okrkoj.k ns[kdj eSaus lgers gq,
mÙkj fn;kA
^D;k mej gSA^
^th 13 o"kZA^
^vPNk---A ns'k lsok Hkh djks i<+kbZ er
NksM+ksAÓ iafMrth us eqLdjkrs gq,
dgkA mUgksaus gkSys ls ihB ij gkFk QsjkA
okrkoj.k lgt gks x;kA
ia- tokgjyky usg: dk ;gh LoHkko FkkA vdksyk
ds ,d 'kh"kZLFk dkaxzslh usrk dkdk
lkgc vksd us Hkh muds LoHkko dh ,d >yd
eq>s nh FkhA dkdk vksd fonHkZ ds Jh fcztyky
th fc;k.kh ds foÜoLr dk;ZdrkZvksa esa
fxus tkrs FksA blh pquko ds lanHkZ esa mudk
vdksyk nkSjk Hkh r; gqvkA vkoHkxr ds fy,
fc;k.khth e'kgwj FksA dqN fnu igys gh fLoV~tjyS.M
esa Jherh deyk usg: dk fuèku gqvk
FkkA fc;k.kh th dk vuqeku Fkk fd deyk th
ds foNksg ds dkj.k iafMr th dh eu:fLFkfr
cksf>y gksxhA fQj Hkh os jk"Vª
ds çfr viuk nkf;Ro fuckg jgs gSa]
mUgsa vfèkd ls vfèkd vkjke
fey lds blfy;s dkdk vksd dks Hkqlkoy Hkst
fn;k fd os usg: th ds lkFk gh jgsaA mudh
lqfoèkk dk [;ky j[ksaA usg:th ds
vdksyk vkxeu dh [kcj lkjs bykds esa QSy
x;h FkhA çR;sd LVs'ku ij n'kZukfFkZ;ksa
dh HkhM++ ^jk"Vªifr dh t;^ ^ia-
tokgjyky usg: ftUnkckn^ ds ukjksa ls LVs'ku
xwat tkrkA ;k=k esa iafMr th Fkds gksus
ij Hkh njokts ij vkrs] gkj&Qwy dk Lokxr
Lohdkj djrsA n'kZukFkÊ çlUu
gks tkrsA
LokHkkfod Fkk fd LVs'ku vkus ij dkdk lkgc
vksd gh njoktk [kksyrsA mu fnuksa u rks
brus v[kckj fudyrs Fks vkSj u usrkvksa ds
QksVks ns[kus dks feyrs FksA ;ksa Hkh dkdk
vksd lqn'kZu O;fä FksA [kwc xksjk jax]
eè;e dnA Vªsu #drs gh yksx mUgsa
gh usg:th le> dj ekyk,a igukus >iVrsA
dkdk vksd gV tkrs vkSj iafMrth dh vksj b'kkjk
djrsA nks& pkj LVs'kuksa ds ckn usg:th
dqN T;knk gh Fkd x;sA os lhV ij gh cSBs
jgsA tc ekykvksa ds fy, dkdk lkgc us usg:th
dh vksj ladsr fd;k rks os lgt eqLdku ls
cksys] ^dSjh vu] dsjh vuA^ ¼rqEgha
ekyk,a >syrs jgks½ & bl rjg
dkdk lkgc usg:th ds Mcy dk jksy vnk djrs
jgsA
'ksxkao LVs'ku ij iafMrth dh pk; dk çcaèk
FkkA xkM+h Hkh ogka T;knk #drh Fkh vkSj
HkhM+ Hkh dkQh tek FkhA iafMrth dks osfVax
:e esa pk; ds fy, ys tk;k x;kA ekjokM+h
O;kikfj;ksa us ds'kj esok;qä nwèk
vkSj Qyksa dk bartke dj j[kk FkkA iafMrth
cySd Vh ¼fcuk nwèk dh pk;½
ihrs FksA og yk;h x;hA mUgksaus nwèk&
feBkbZ& Qy ysus dk vkxzg Lohdkj djus
ls badkj dj fn;kA os pk; ih jgs Fks vkSj
dk;ZdrkZvksa ls ckr Hkh djrs tkrs Fks fd
,d O;kikjh us vko ns[kk u rko] dkyh pk;
dSls ih tk;sxh] ;g lkspdj di esa ds'kfj;k
nwèk maM+sy fn;kA iafMrth us tc di
dh vksj ns[kk rks mcy iM+s&
^fdlus fd;k ;s lcA pk; dk etk [kjkc dj fn;kA^
^iafMrth pk; okyk xyrh ls nwèk ugha
yk;k Fkk] eSaus Mky fn;kA^ O;kikjh çlUu
gksdj cksykA
^ykb;s] ykb;sA^ vkSj iafMrth us xqLls ls
O;kikjh ds gkFk ls fxykl ysdj nwèk
ih fy;kA fQj CySd Vh eaxk;h x;hA rc dgha
Vªsu py ldhA
iafMrth dk xqLlk dqN ,slk gh gqvk djrk FkkA
os tjk lh ckr ij ukjkt gks tkrs vkSj {k.k
Hkj ckn 'kkUrA 1941 dk ,d laLej.k eq>s
vkSj ;kn vk x;kA oèkkZ esa dkaxzsl
dh dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr dh cSBd gksus okyh
FkhA ekSykuk vcqy dyke vktkn jk"Vªifr
fuokZfpr gksdj igyh ckj oèkkZ vk;s
FksA IysVQkeZ ij vFkkg HkhM+ muds Lokxr
ds fy, vk x;hA ge Lo;a lsod x.k mls laHkky
ugha ik;sA ekSykuk vktkn dk Vªsu ls
mrjuk eqf'dy gks x;kA iafMrth Hkh ekSykuk
lkgc ds lkFk gh vk;s FksA mUgksaus ekgkSy
ns[kk rks ,dne ukjkt gks x;sA fMCcs ls os
yxHkx dwn iM+sA fQj nksuksa dksgfu;ksa ls
mUgksaus HkhM+ dks phjuk 'kq: dj fn;kA ceqf'dy
ekSykuk lkgc dks mrkjk tk ldkA iafMrth dk
jkSæ :i ns[kdj ge yksx ,d rjQ gks
x,A mUgksaus loky fd;k] 'dkSu gSa vki yksxksa
dk yhMj\^ Jh jke-".k ctkt okyafV;lZ
ds usrk FksA os lkeus vk x;sA
^D;k dj jgs gSa vki yksxA okyafV;j gksdj
Hkh HkhM+ ugha laHkky ik jgsA pfy;s] lkeku
mrkfj;sA^
jke-".kth lkeku mrjokus dh ctk; ^dqyh&dqyh^
vkokt nsus yxsA iafMrth dk xqLlk pje lhek
ij igqap x;kA
^vki yksx okyafV;j gSa vkSj dqyh dks vkokt
ns jgs gSa& dgrs gq, jke-".kth
dks ,d pkaVk tM+ fn;kA^
vius usrk dh ;g gkyr ns[kdj ge yksxksa dk
[kwu lnZ gks x;kA ?kcM+kdj fMCcs esa ?kqls
vkSj lkeku mrkjkA fQj ,d rh[kh vkokt&
^lc lkeku vPNh rjg ns[k yhft;sA brus ¼la[;k
crk;h x;h½ Mkd gSA^ eSaus Mkd fxusA
th] brus gh gSa^ ge yksxksa us #vkals gksdj
dgkA vkSj] iafMrth Jh jke-".k ctkt
dh ckag idM+dj f[kyf[kykdj gal fn,A gekjh
tku esa tku vk;hA
1942 esa Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu esa lHkh
usrk dkjkoklh gks x;sA 1946 esa eqfLye yhx
ds lkFk varfje ljdkj dk xBu djus dh çfØ;k
çkjaHk gks x;hA vk;q ds fygkt ls
rks ljnkj iVsy ofj"B Fks gh] dkaxzsl
laxBu ij Hkh mudh vPNh [kklh idM+ FkhA usg:
rFkk ljnkj ;g fu.kZ; ugha dj ik jgs Fks
fd çèkkuea=h dkSu gksA nksuksa
gh Hkaxh dkyksuh fnYyh esa xkaèkhth
ds ikl tkrs vkSj ykSV vkrsA xkaèkhth
us vuqeku yxk;k fd dqN ckr gS tks gks ugha
jghA vkf[kj ljnkj iVsy us gh xqRFkh j[kh
vkSj] ,d okD; esa QSlyk gks x;kA ^tokgjyky
çèkkuea=h vkSj ljnkj x`gea=hA
nksuksa ,d nwljs ds dke esa n[ky ugha nsaxsA^
xkaèkhth us jk; nhA bl lykg dk v{kj'k%
ikyu fd;k x;kA ;gka rd fd tc ikfdLrku us
dk'ehj ij geyk dj fn;k rks ljnkj dh jk;
ds f[kykQ jk"Vªla?k esa ekeyk
ys tk;k x;kA ljnkj ns[k jgs Fks fd dck;yh
geykojksa dks [knsM+k tk jgk gSA os pkj
N: fnu esa dk'ehj ls ckgj dj fn, tk,axsA
ijUrq ykMZ ekmaVcSVu dh lykg ij ekeyk jk"Vªla?k
esa igqapk vkSj ;q)fojke Lohdkj dj fy;k
x;kA ;fn ljnkj iVsy dk gLr{ksi dk vfèkdkj
lqjf{kr jgrk rks d'ehj çdj.k 'kk;n
vHkh rd my>k u jgrkA
15 vxLr 1947 dks Hkkjr Lora= gks x;kA ysfdu
ns'k esa caVokjs ls mith vkoktkgh fu;af=r
ugha gks ik jgh FkhA lhek ds nksuksa vksj
fgUnw& eqfLye ukxfjdksa dks ywVk ekjk
tk jgk FkkA fLFkfr dk tk;tk ysus ,d fnu
çèkkuea=h Lo;a fnYyh ds eq[;
O;kolkf;d dsUæ dukV ldZl esa vk x;sA
ogka nwdkuksa esa ywVikV vkSj eqfLye ukxfjdksa
ij geys fd;s tk jgs FksA iafMrth ls ;g ugha
ns[kk x;kA os dkj ls dwn iM+s vkSj cs[kVds
geykojksa ds chp esa ?kql x;sA çèkkuea=h
dks ns[kdj vkØked HkhM+ Hkkx [kM+h
gqbZA ijUrq iafMrth us ,d dks idM+ gh fy;kA
mlds gkFk ls ykBh NqM+kbZ vkSj geykojksa
ds ihNs nkSM+ iM+sA eqf'dy ls bafnjkth us
mUgsa jksdkA 'ckiw D;k dj jgs gSa vki\Ó
os fpfUrr eu ls ykSVdj xkM+h esa cSB x;sA
usg:th blh rjg tYnh mÙksftr gks tkrs
FksA 15 vxLr 1947 dks ykyfdys ls mudk Hkk"k.k
gksus okyk FkkA HkhM+ laHkkys ugha laHky
jgh FkhA jkLrs esa ;gh vkyeA Lora= Hkkjr
ds igys yksdfç; çèkkuea=h
dks ns[kus lM+dsa [kpk[kp Hkjh gqbZ FkhaA
VªsfQd iqfyl lqifjUVsUMsUV us ;g csdkcw
gkyr ns[kh rks çèkkuea=h dk
jkLrk cny fn;kA usg:th vk'p;Zpfdr fd jkLrs
esa turk D;ksa ugha gS\ yky fdyk igqapus
ij mUgksaus iwNrkN dh rks vèkh{kd
us crk;k fd HkhM+ dks ns[kdj gh mlus jkLrk
cnyus dk QSlyk dj fy;kA cl] usg:th ukjkt
gks x,A 'vkidks cj[kkLr fd;k tkrk gSA vki
turk dks çèkkuea=h ls nwj
j[kuk pkgrs gSa\Ó yky fdys ls Hkk"k.k
nsdj usg:th uhps vk;s rks mls iqfyl vèkh{kd
us viuk bLrhQk mUgsa lkSai fn;kA
^D;k gS\^
^lj] esjk bLrhQkA cj[kkLrxh dk vkMZj feys]
mlls igys bLrhQk nsuk gh Bhd gS rkfd lfoZl
fjdkMZ esa dksbZ nkx u yxsA^
^rqe vius çèkkuea=h dk LoHkko
Hkh ugha tkursA^ vkSj] bLrhQk QkM+ fn;k
x;kA
eq>s lafoèkku lHkk dk ,d -'; ;kn
vk jgk gSA M- ';kekçlkn eqdtÊ
lafoèkku lHkk ds lnL; FksA laln dh
çsl xsyjh esa cSBus dk esjk igyk
vuqHko FkkA ç'uksÙkj dky esa
M- eqdtÊ us dksbZ ç'u
iwNk iafMrth us mldk mÙkj fn;kA iwjd
ç'uksa ds nkSjku nksuksa esa dqN
rh[kk vknku& çnku gqvkA vU; lnL;ksa
ds ç'u py jgs Fks fd ,dk,d iafM+r
usg: [kM+s gq,A 'vè;{k egksn;] M-
eqdtÊ ls eSaus tks dqN dgk] mlds fy,
muls {kek ekaxrk gwaAÓ M- ';kekçlkn
[kqn HkkSapd jg x,A os cksys 'çèkkuea=h
us viuh Hkwy le> yh] esjs fy, ;gh cgqr
gSA ekQh ekaxus dh dksbZ t:jr ughaAÓ
bl -'; us lHkh lkalnksa ,oa i=dkjksa dks
vk'p;Z esa Mky fn;kA fojksèkh csapksa
ij cSBus okys nks cM+ksa ds chp ;g lkSgknZ
vc dgka ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
ns'k viuh jrkj ls py jgk FkkA dHkh&
dHkh ;ksa gh nwj ls iafMr usg: dks ns[k
fy;k djrk FkkA 1952 esa ,d çsl dkUÝjsal
esa muls HksaV gqbZA os vke pquko ds flyflys
esa Hkksiky vk, FksA yky ijsM ¼vktdy
iqfyl xzkm.M½ ij nksigj esa mudh
vkelHkk j[kh x;h FkhA mu fnuksa ns'kh fj;klrksa
esa fgUnw egklHkk dk dqN tksj FkkA fgUnw
egklHkk dk ftØ djrs iafMrth ds psgjs
ij ,d ruko vk x;k FkkA çsl dkUÝsal
ls eSaus iwN gh fy;kA ^iafMrth] D;k vkidk
vHkh Hkh ;g [;ky gS] fd ns'k esa fgUnw egklHkk
dk dksbZ vfLrRo ckdh gS\^ iafMrth dh tqcku
ij tSls dMqvkgV vk x;hA 'vki fgUnqLrku dh
fgLVªh ls okfdQ gSa ;k ugha\ M-
eqdtÊ ds tula?k vkSj fgUnw egklHkk
esa D;k QdZ gS\ eSaus nyhy nh fd ^;fn fgUnw
egklHkk dk gh tksj gksrk rks M- eqdtÊ
tula?k dk xBu D;ksa djrs\^^ mÙkj
feyk] ^D;k vki tkurs gSa] vkj-,l-,l- ds
reke yksx tula?k esa vk x;s gSaA^
njvly] tokgjyky th dks jk"Vªh;
Lo;a lsod la?k ls ijgst FkkA 1950 esa os
vesfjdk x;s FksA rc dkaxzsl dk;Zdkfj.kh
us vkj,l,l ds Lo;alsodksa dks dkaxzsl dh
lnL;rk nsus ds i{k esa fu.kZ; fy;k FkkA
tc vesfjdk esa iafMrth dks ;g [kcj nh x;h
rks mUgksaus ekSykuk vktkn rFkk ljnkj iVsy
dks rkj fd;k fd bl QSlys dks muds ykSVus
rd eqYroh j[kk tk;sA os Lons'k vk;sA dk;Zdkfj.kh
dh cSBd fQj cqyk;h x;h vkSj ;g fu.kZ; fujLr
fd;k x;kA
gqvk ;g Fkk] fd xkaèkhth dh gR;k
ds ckn flouh tsy ls jk"Vªh; Lo;a
lsod la?k ds lj la?k lapkyd Jh Hkk-l- xksyoydj
¼xq#th½ rFkk x`gea=h ljnkj
iVsy ds chp tks i=kpkj gqvk Fkk mlesa xksyoydjth
us Lo;a lsodksa dks dkaxzsl dh lnL;rk miyCèk
djkus dh igy djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd ,slk djus
ls vkj-,l-,l- ds rFkkdfFkr lkaçnkf;d
pfj= dk iVk{ksi gks tk;sxkA xksyoydjth us
1947& 48 esa Lo;alsodksa }kjk naxk ihfM+rksa
rFkk 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa ds chp fd;s x;s lgk;rk
dk;Z dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k FkkA ljnkj iVsy
rFkk dkaxzslkè;{k jktf"kZ V.Muth
bl rdZ ls lger gks x;s Fks rFkk usg:th dh
xSjgkftjh esa dkaxzsl dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr
us ;g çLrko Lohdkj dj fy;k FkkA
Hkksiky rFkk vU; LFkkuksa ij usg:th blhfy;s
fgUnw jk"Vªoknh rRoksa dk fojksèk
djus ds fy, foo'k gq, FksA
Hkkjrh; laL-fr ds iqu#RFkku esa Hkh ia-
tokgjyky usg: dks fgUnw jk"Vªokn
dh xaèk vkrh FkhA blhfy;s 1950 esa
tc dkaxzslkè;{k dk pquko gqvk rks
usg:th ds mEehnokj gq, vkpk;Z -iykuh rFkk
ljnkj iVsy ds jktf"kZ iq#"kksÙkenkl
VaMuA dkaxsl laxBu ij ljnkj iVsy dh gh idM+
vfèkd Fkh] usg:th tufç; usrk
Hkys gh jgs gksaA VaMuth blds iwoZ Hkh çR;k'kh
jg pqds FksA rc muds fo#) M- ch- iêkfHklhrkjeS;k
pquko yM+ jgs FksA M- jktsUæ
çlkn dh jk; Fkh fd 1939 esa M-
iêkfHk egkRekxkaèkh ds mEehnokj
Fks vkSj Jh lqHkk"kpUæ cksl ls
ijkftr gks x;s FksA blfy, fnoaxr xkaèkhth
dh bPNk Fkh fd foyac ls gh lgh] vc ewrZ
:i fn;k tkuk pkfg,A fcgkj ds dkaxzsltuksa
esa jktsUæ ckcw dk lEeku gksuk LokHkkfod
gh FkkA vr: jktf"kZ dh ctk; M-
iêkfHk vè;{k fuokZfpr gksdj
dkaxzsl ds t;iqj vfèkos'ku ¼1948½
ds lHkkifr gq,A vc 1950 esa jktsUæ
ckcw us jktf"kZ dks vè;{k in
dk ;ksX; çR;k'kh ekuk rFkk fcgkj
ds çfrfufèk;ksa dk mUgsa Hkjiwj
leFkZu feykA usg:th ds fojksèk ds
ckotwn jktf"kZ VaMu fot;h gq,A ia-
usg: us bls 'viuh O;fäxr gkjÓ
tSlk dksbZ ukjk rks ugha fn;k ysfdu os cgqr
eku eukSvy ds ckn gh jktf"kZ dh dk;Zdkfj.kh
lfefr esa 'kkfey gq,A VaMuth dh vè;{krk
esa ukfld esa 1950 esa laiUu vfèkos'ku
ds volj ij vodk'k ysrk vè;{k M-
iêkfHk us dgk] 'dkaxzsl ftl gkyr esa
eq>s feyh Fkh] mlh gkyr esa vkidks lkSai
jgk gawAÓ M- iêkfHk dk
vk'k; Li"V Fkk fd mUgksaus rks dkaxzsl
dks ,d lw= esa fijks;s j[kk] vkxs dh ftEesnkjh
VaMuth dhA
M- iêkfHk dk ;g okD; yxHkx Hkfo";ok.kh
gks x;kA fnlacj 1950 esa ljnkj iVsy dk fuèku
gks x;kA jktf"kZ rFkk ia- usg: esa
vfèkd le; rd ugha iVhA usg: th us
dkaxzsl dh dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr ls R;kxi= ns
fn;kA 1952 ds vke pquko lfUudV FksA Lo;a
jktf"kZ us ;g dgdj fd 'dkaxzsl ds fy,
ia- usg: dh mi;ksfxrk vfèkd gS] blfy,
eSa mlds vè;{k in ls R;kxi= nsrk
gwaAÓ viuk bLrhQk çLrqr dj
fn;kA bl fookn esa ia- }kjdk çlkn
feJ VaMuth dk lkFk ns jgs FksA os brus dVq
oäO; ns pqds Fks fd usg:th dh vè;{krk
okyh dkaxzsl esa jguk mUgksaus mfpr ugha
le>kA VaMuth ds bLrhQs ds ckn feJth dkaxzsl
ikVÊ ls gh i`Fkd gks x;sA usg:th loZlEefr
ls dkaxzslkè;{k pqu fy, x,A
yksdfç;rk dh -f"V ls usg:th
dk dksbZ eqdkcyk ugha FkkA ukxfjd lksprk
Fkk fd ;fn og viuh nq[k& nnZ dh dgkuh
mu rd igqapk nsxk rks mldk d"V vo';
nwj gks tk;sxkA blh otg ls cgqr ls yksx
usg:th dks lhèks vkosnu djus ds fy,
mRlqd jgrs FksA pquko ds flyflys esa iafMrth
jhok vk;s gq, FksA pquko nkSjs ds le; jkLrs
ij nksuksa vksj HkhM+ gks tk;k djrh FkhA
,d o`) gkFk esa ;kfpdk fy, lM+d ij vkuk
pkgrk Fkk vkSj iqfyl mls oftZr dj jgh FkhA
blh le; usg:th dk dkfQyk vk x;kA mUgksaus
ns[kk fd iqfyl ds flikgh ,d o`) dks gkFkksa
gkFk mBkdj HkhM+ ds ckgj ys tk jgs gSaA
mUgksaus xkM+h #dok nhA lc yksx vpjt esa
iM+ x, fd ,slk D;k O;oèkku vk x;kA
iafMrth us iqfyl dks f>M+dk] ml o`) dks
lehi cqykdj mldh dFkk lquh vkSj Hkkoh eq[;ea=h
ia- 'kaHkwukFk 'kqDy dks mldh dfBukbZ gy
djus ds funZs'k fn;sA ml o`) dk dke gqvk
;k ugha] ;g rks eq>s Hkh ugha ekywe]
ysfdu mlds psgjs ij usg:th ds fudV igqap
ikus dk tks larks"k >ydk] og eSaus
cgqr de ekSdksa ij ,sls fujhg psgjksa ij
ns[kk gSA
blh lanHkZ esa ,d vkSj ?kVuk ;kn vk x;hA
eè;çns'k ljdkj us çkS<+
f'k{kk ;kstuk 'kq: dh FkhA txg& txg
çkS<+ fuj{kjksa dks lk{kj cukus
dh fn'kk esa ;g ,d vPNh ;kstuk FkhA ijUrq
bldk nq#i;ksx Hkh gqvkA esjh fuj{kj eka
rFkk vYi f'kf{kr iRuh dks ,d fnu vuk;kl
çkS<+ f'k{kk çkfIr ds çek.ki=
feysA u rks os fdlh 'kkyk& f'kfoj esa
x;ha u fdlh us mUgsa ?kj vkdj i<+k;kA
pwafd çkS<+ksa dks lk{kj cukus
ds fy, çfr fo|kFkÊ chl #i,
fn, tkrs Fks] blfy;s LFkkuh; f'kf{kdk us
bu nksuksa dks Hkh viuh d{kk esa 'kkfey
crkdj pkyhl #i, çkIr dj fy,A 'kk;n
,sls vkSj Hkh ekeys jgs gksaxs] vkSj LFkkuksa
ij HkhA ijUrq esjs firkth us bl èkkaèkyh
dh fjiksVZ lhèks çèkkuea=h
dks dj nhA dksbZ ,d i[kokM+s ckn gh firkth
dks çèkkuea=h ia- usg: dk
i= feyk fd mudh f'kdk;r eè;çns'k
f'k{kk ea=h ia- }kjdkçlkn feJ dks
vxzsf"kr dj nh x;h gSA bl f'kdk;r ij
çns'k 'kklu us dksbZ dkjZokbZ dh
gks] bldk eq>s Kku ugha gS] ijUrq ia-
usg: dk mÙkj ikdj esjs firkth t:j
[kq'k gq,A
1954&55 esa iafM+rth ukxiqj vk,A mUgksaus
rkRdkfyd eè;çns'k fgUnh lkfgR;
lEesyu ds ^eksj fgUnh^ dk mn~?kkVu fd;kA
mlh fnu jkf= esa jktHkou esa mudh çsl
okrkZ j[kh x;hA okrkZ esa lekpkj i=ksa ds
4&5 laiknd gh vkeaf=r fd;s x, FksA dqN
fnu iwoZ gh yík[k rFkk mÙkj&iwoÊ
lhek ij phu us u dsoy dCtk dj fy;k Fkk]
oju~ yík[k esa ,d lM+d fuekZ.k Hkh
'kq: dj fn;k FkkA ;g lekpkj 'kk;n igyh ckj
ve`r cktkj if=dk dydÙkk esa çdkf'kr
gqvk FkkA çsl dkUÝsal esa
vkSj ckrsa rks gqbZ gha eSaus bl lekpkj
dk mYys[k djrs gq, dqN ç'u iwNsA
iafMrth ds mÙkj ij vU; laikndksa
us vfèkd tkudkjh pkghA iafMr usg:
ds mÙkjksa ls fdlh dk Hkh lekèkku
ugha gqvkA ysfdu mUgksaus Lohdkj fd;k fd
^phu ,d foLrkjoknh jk"Vª gSA mlus
Hkkjr ds lkFk foÜokl?kkr fd;k gSA nks
gtkj o"kZ iqjkus gekjs lkaL-frd lacaèkksa
dks blls xgjh Bsl igqaph gSA ijUrq] ge èkS;Z
,oa 'kkafr ls bl leL;k dk lekèkku
djuk pkgrs gSaA phu dks fojksèk i=
Hkstk tk pqdk gSA ikjLifjd ppkZ ls 'kk;n
dksbZ gy fudysA^ okrkZ ds vafre nkSj esa
eSaus fQj ç'u iwN fy;k] ^;fn okrkZ
ls lekèkku ugha gqvk rks D;k Hkkjr
QkSth dkjZokbZ djsxk\^ esjs [;ky ls ç'u
lhèkk gh FkkA ijUrq usg:th dks 'kk;n
dqN rh[kk yxkA os dqN f[kUu gksdj cksys]
^;fn dksbZ dkjZokbZ djuh Hkh iM+h rks D;k
vkidks crkbZ tkosxhA^ mudk ef}e Loj Hkh
dqN rh{.k yxkA eq[;ea=h ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy
us Hkkstu dk le; gks x;k gS] dgdj okrkZ
lekIr dj nhA
1955 esa gh jkT; iquxZBu vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ
vk x;hA blesa orZeku eè;çns'k
ds xBu dh flQkfj'k dh x;h FkhA ,d flQkfj'k
;g Hkh Fkh fd u, eè;çns'k
dh jktèkkuh tcyiqj esa LFkkfir dh
tk;sA dkaxzsl gkbZdek.M rFkk Hkkjr ljdkj
us u, eè;çns'k dk xBu rks
Lohdkj dj fy;k fdUrq jktèkkuh Hkksiky
esa gksus dk fu'p; fd;kA bl fu.kZ; ls tcyiqjokfl;ksa
dks fujk'kk gqbZA tcyiqj esa ,d jktèkkuh
LFkkiuk lfefr dk xBu gqvkA Jh lokbZey tSu
¼rc os 'kk;n es;j Fks½ rFkk
eSa bl desVh ds la;kstd fu;qä fd, x,A
r; gqvk fd tcyiqj rFkk fudVorÊ {ks=
ds ukxfjdksa dk ,d çfrfufèkeaMy
fnYyh tkdj Hkkjr ljdkj ls viuk fu.kZ; cnyus
dk vkxzg djsA bl gsrq tcyiqj esa ,d {ks=h;
vk;kstu Hkh fd;k x;kA çfrfufèk
eaMy esa lokbZey th rks ugha tk lds] ysfdu
miegkikSj Jh Ogh-,l- iafMr ,MoksdsV] Jh
xqykcpan xqIr] Jh }kjdkçlkn HkkxZo
rFkk eSa tcyiqj ls x;sA fnYyh esa neksg
ds lqçfl) odhy Jh eqUuhyky oekZ rFkk
,d nks O;fä vkSj 'kkfey gks x,A ge
yksx ogka usg:th ls feysA eSaus çfrfufèk
eaMy dk ifjp; djk;kA iafMrth us eqLdqjkdj
iwNk] 'vkSj vki\Ó eq>s viuh Hkwy
dk ,glkl gqvkA viuk Hkh ifjp; fn;kA eqUuhykyth
us tcyiqj dh iSjoh dhA ge yksx Hkh chp&chp
esa viuk i{k j[krs jgsA vkèkk ?kaVs
ls vfèkd pyus okyh bl eqykdkr dk
dksbZ ifj.kke ugha fudykA eSaus ns[kk fd
FkksM+h nsj dh 'kkafr ds ckn usg:th us dejs
dh Nr dh vksj rkdk] fQj Vsfcy ij vaxqfy;ka
fVifVikus yxsA geus le> fy;k fd ckr [kRe
gks xbZA vc pysaA pyrs& pyrs mUgksaus
galrs gq, dgk] ^fnYyh esa ,xzhdYpj dh vPNh
,Dthch'ku yxh gSA ns[krs tkb;sA^ eq>s
yxk fd iafMrth 'kk;n ;g lksp jgs gSa fd
vk;s rks ge yksx gSa çn'kZuh ns[kus
gh] yxs gkFk jktèkkuh dh ckr Hkh
dj yhA eSaus rikd ls dgk& ^iafM+rth]
ge yksx ,Dthfc'ku ns[kus ugha vk;sA tcyiqj
ds lkFk U;k; gksuk pkfg,] ;g vihy djus vk,
gSaA vkils feys gSaA vkSjksa ls HkhAÓ
mUgksaus iwNk] ^vkSj fdlls feyk vkidk MsiqVs'ku\^
eSaus crk;k fd ^ekSykuk vktkn] ia- xksfoanoYyHk
iar rFkk ykycgknqjth 'kkL=h ls ge fey pqds
gSaA ij QSlyk rks vkidks gh djuk gSA^
^mUgksaus D;k dgk\^ mUgksaus eqLdqjkrs gq,
iwNkA
^th] dksbZ vkÜoklu ugha feykA^
^vPNk] ns[ksaxsA vki yksx ,Dthfc'ku rks
ns[k gh yhft,A^
ge yksxksa us vuqeku yxk fy;k fd ;k=k fu"Qy
gqbZA ykSVdj tcyiqj vk;sA jktèkkuh
lfefr us ukxfjdksa ls vihy dh fd bl o"kZ
nhokyh ij 'kgj esa jks'kuh u dh tk;sA nhikoyh
dh jkf= lokbZeyth vkSj eSa uxj dk gky ns[kus
fudysA dekfu;k xsV ds ikl M- loZVs
ds nok[kkuk dks NksM+dj dgha Hkh nh;s ugha
tyk, x, FksA esjh Le`fr esa tcyiqj esa vekoL;k
lh ,slh nhokyh 'kk;n gh dHkh euk;h x;h gksA
u;k eè;çns'k cu x;kA tcyiqj
dh ctk; jktèkkuh Hkh Hkksiky esa
LFkkfir gks x;hA i=dkjksa ds ny ds lkFk
usg:th dh eè;çns'k ;k=vksa
esa ,d nks ckj 'kkfey gksus dk volj Hkh
feykA 1958 esa fQj muls eqykdkr gqbZA
eSa o`Unkou esa Fkk fd ,d lekpkj i<+kA
1 uoEcj 1958 dks çèkkuea=h
u, eè;çns'k ds LFkkiuk fnol
ds volj ij Hkksiky vk jgs gSaA eSaus ,d
bUysaM ysVj dkMZ ij mUgsa o`Unkou ls gh
i= fy[kdj vuqjksèk fd;k fd os uoxfBr
eè;çns'k fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu
ds çFke vfèkos'ku dk mn~?kkVu
Lohdkj djsaA eSaus viuk Hkksiky dk irk Hkh
i= esa fy[k fn;kA ,d lIrkg ds Hkhrj gh iafMrth
dk mÙkj vk x;k fd os lEesyu dk mn~?kkVu
djus dks lger gSaA eSa eq[;ea=h M-
dkVtw ls laidZ dj le; rFkk dk;ZØe
fuèkkZfjr dj ywaA og lc gqvkA iafMrth
lksYykl dk;ZØe esa vk, Hkh ysfdu
dk;ZØe esa ,d nq[kn ?kVuk Hkh ?kV
x;hA lEesyu ds vè;{k ia- dqathyky
nqcs us viuh gM+cM+h esa dg Mkyk] ^;g vR;fèkd
g"kZ dk fo"k; gS fd lEesyu ds
bl volj ij ^LoxÊ;^ tokgj ykyth gekjs
chp mifLFkr gSaA^ nqcs th dks tc bl thHk
iyVus dk ,glkl djk;k x;k rks mUgksaus ckj&ckj
ekQh ekaxhA
1961 esa m"kkHkkxZo cykRdkj dkaM dks
ysdj tcyiqj esa Hkkjh lkaçnkf;d naxk
gks x;kA iafMrth us igys rks dkaxzslkè;{k
Jherh bafnjk xkaèkh dks fLFkfr dk
tk;tk ysus Hkstk] fQj dqN fnuksa ckn Lo;a
Hkh tcyiqj vk;sA lkaçnkf;d mUekn
dks ysdj tcyiqj dk ,d çfrfufèk
eaMy çèkkuea=h usg: ls eè;çns'k
'kklu dh vdeZ.;rk dh f'kdk;r ysdj feykA
çfrfufèk eaMy esa egkikSj
ia- Hkokuhçlkn] çks- egs'k
nÙk feJk] Jh gfj'kadj ijlkbZ] eSa
rFkk ,d nks vkSj ukxfjd feysA vPNh [kklh
ppkZ gqbZA lkaçnkf;d 'kfä;ksa
ds mHkkj ij mUgksaus fpark O;ä dhA
ge yksx mRlkfgr gq,A çks- egs'knÙk
feJk us vkxzg fd;k fd bu 'kfä;ksa ij
dkcw djuk t:jh gSA fons'kksa esa gekjh lsD;wyj
best dks èkDdk yxrk gSA tkus D;k
gqvk fd iafMrth ,dne fcxM+ mBsA 'vki le>rs
Hkh gSa fd lsD;wyfjTe D;k gS\^ ge yksx gDdk&
cDdk jg x,A egs'k HkkbZ us fdlh rjg viuh
ckr laHkkyhA
1962 esa phu us Hkkjr ij vkØe.k dj
fn;kA iafMr usg: bl geys ls cgqr fopfyr
gks x,A os ,d fe= jk"Vª ls bl
rjg ds vkpj.k dh dYiuk Hkh ugha dj ldrs
FksA 1963 esa eSa laln ds lsaVªy gy
esa cSBk lkalnksa ls xIi yM+k jgk FkkA brus
esa gh çèkkuea=h ogka vk x;sA
eSaus vuqHko fd;k fd iafMrth ds psgjs ij
,d mnklhurk NkbZ gSA mudk yky nedrk psgjk
ihyk iM+ x;k gSA dej >qd x;h gSA iafMr
usg: vc ,d VwVs gq, O;fä jg x, gSaA
,d rstkse; O;fä dk ;g fuLrst O;fäRo
eq>s vkt Hkh ckj& ckj Nw tkrk gSA
eq>s egkHkkjr dh og mfä ;kn vkrh
gS&
^euqt ugha cyh gksr gS] le; gksr cyokuA
Hkhyu ywVh xksfidk] os gh vtZqu os gh ckuA^
phu ds bl èkks[ks us iafMr usg: dh
thou 'kfä {kh.k dj nhA ebZ 1964 esa
mudk fuèku gks x;kA
eSaus bl ys[k dk çkjaHk egkRek xkaèkh
dh fojklr ls 'kq: fd;k FkkA xkaèkhth
us dgk Fkk fd jktkth ugha] tokgjyky esjk
mÙkjkfèkdkjh gksxkA eq>s
1946 dk ,d laLej.k ;kn vkrk gSA esjB dkaxzsl
ds ckn xkaèkhth gfj}kj tk jgs FksA
dkj esa tokgj ykyth lkFk FksA xkaèkhth
>idh ysuk pkgrs FksA mUgksaus viuh ckag
dk rfd;k cuk;k vkSj ikao tokgjykyth dh xksn
esa QSykdj ysV x,A vkSj tokgjykyth Fks fd
os gYds& gYds gkFkksa ls xkaèkhth
ds ikao rc rd nckrs jgs tc rd fd gfj}kj
ugha vk x;kA
firk& iq= tSls bu lefiZr lacaèkksa
dh dYiuk D;k orZeku jktuhfr esa Hkh laHko
gS\
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