fdlh Hkh vR;ar vkReh; 'viusÓ ij fy[kuk cgqr eqf'dy gksrk gSA eSa pkgdj Hkh vius rkÅ vkSj 1930&40 ds chp ds cM+s dfo fou; dqekj ij vkSj vius firk ij vkt rd ugha fy[k ik;kA esjs xq#rqY; dfo fofiu pkpk ¼Lo- cky-".k tks'kh ^fofiu*½ ij dbZ ckj vkjaHk fd;k] ij iwjk ugha dj ldkA ;gh fLFkfr ckcwth vFkkZr Lo- ek;kjke lqjtu dks ysdj gSA 31 fnlEcj 1994 ds ml eugwl fnu ¼tc os gesa NksM+ x,½ ls ysdj vc rd ;gh fLFkfr gSA 'kk;n blfy, fd fy[kus dks bruk dqN gS] fd ,d vkys[k esa mldk lgL=ka'k Hkh ugha vk;sxkA eq>s paædkar nsorkys dh og dfork ;kn vk jgh gS ftlesa os dgrs gSa] fd lwjt ij dHkh Hkh fy[k nwaxk dfork] ij eka ij eSa dfork ugha fy[k ldrkA
eSa ckcwth dks rc ls ns[krk vkSj tkurk vk jgk Fkk] tc esjk NqViu Fkk] bVkjlh esa Fkk vkSj ckcw`th Hkksiky vkrs&tkrs dHkh dHkkj bVkjlh taD'ku ij xkM+h cnyrs FksA LVs'ku ls ckgj /keZ'kkyk }kj ij nqcs U;wt ,tsalh esa Lo- çse'kadj nqcs ds lkFk mUgsa ns[krk FkkA fQj 1961 dh ,d 'kkeA ¼dfo fofiu tks'kh dk dfork&laxzg Nik Hkh ugha Fkk] fd os ek= 39 o"kZ dh mez esa py cls FksA½ fofiu pkpk dh Le`fr esa gqbZ dfork&çfr;ksfxrk dk çFke iqjLdkj eq>s feyuk FkkA eq[; vfrfFk Fks ek;kjkethA mUgksaus eq>s iqjL-r fd;kA fofiuth ds dfork laxzg 'lk/kuk ds LojÓ dk foekspu fd;k] vkSj mldh çfr Hkh buke dh rjg eq>s nhA dfork,a rks nks&rhu cjl ls fy[k jgk Fkk] ysfdu bl nqgjs iqjLdkj us 'kk;n r; dj fn;k Fkk] fd dfork dk jkLrk dHkh u dHkh esjk Hkh gksxkA lu~ 1965 esa eSaus gk;j lsdaMjh ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ dhA xkSjoe;h lQyrk FkhA ckcwth tcyiqj ls 'tcyiqj lekpkjÓ fudkyus yxs FksA jktukjk;.k feJ] tks ckn esa esjs Hkh 'nkÓ gks x, Fks ls i= fy[kokdj esjk QksVks vkSj ckrphr ij vk/kkfjr fVIi.kh mUgksaus nqcsth ls eaxokdj Nkih FkhA tc eSa tcyiqj bathfj;fjax d‚yst esa igqap x;k] rks Nqêh ds fnu ijlkbZth] egs'k HkkbZ ¼çks- egs'knÙk feJ½] lokbZey tSu vkSj ckcwth ds ikl tkdj muds ikao Nw vkrk FkkA bu lcds jgrs tcyiqj Hkh esjs fy, bVkjlh gh gks x;k Fkk vkSj vkt Hkh gSA mu fnuksa bu lcls cl dke&iwjrh ckr gh gksrh FkhA

1974 ds var esa flapkbZ foHkkx esa dke djrk gqvk eSa rcknys ij tcyiqj igqapk] rc cYnso ckx pkSjkgs ls 'ns'kcU/kqÓ çdkf'kr gks jgk FkkA jktsaæ vxzoky 'LusgÓ tks dfo Hkh Fks] laiknu ns[krs FksA fot;nÙk Jh/kj] cztsUæ ikaMs;] ekek ¼fo|kHkw"k.k nqcs½ oxSjg Hkh mlh v[kckj esa FksA eSa 'kkSfd;k i=dkfjrk lh[k jgk FkkA igys ist dk cukuk] VsyhfiazVj ls vuqokn djds fgUnh esa [kcj cukuk] 'kh"kZd nsuk vkfn dke bu yksxksa ls lh[krk] iw~:Q Hkh i<+rkA dHkh&dHkkj ckcwth ls Hkh feyuk gksrk jgkA lu~ 1975 esa eSa iqu: okilh LFkkukarj.k ij Hkksiky vk x;kA Hkksiky esa Hkh 'ns'kcU/kqÓ Fkk ghA HkkbZ jru dqekj laiknd Fks] tks esjs firk ds vkReh;ksa esa FksA jkt Hkkj}kt Fks] dIiw ¼fuHkhZd oekZ½ Hkh FkkA ¼mUgha fnuksa dIiw dh nksLrh us gh jkts'k tks'kh ls nksLrh djkbZ Fkh½ ckcwth Hkksiky esa gksrs rks çsl esa muls Hkh feyuk gksrkA eSa Hkh fe=ksa ds lkFk ^ns'kcU/kq* v[kckj esa lh[kus dh uh;r ls dke djus tSlk FkksM+k cgqr dj ysrk FkkA esjh dfork,a] dgkfu;ka] O;aX;] leh{kk,a lkfgfR;d jaxeaph;& jiVsa] [ksy laca/kh ys[k oxSjg Ni gh jgs FksA vkSj eSa ;qok ys[kd gks pqdk FkkA
fQj vk;k vDVwcj 1977 vkSj esjh ukSdjh esa vpkud&lk cnykoA oSls Hkh firk ds fn;s vkn'kZ vkSj laLdkj flapkbZ foHkkx dh ukSdjh esa fdrus fnu fVdus nsrsA bykgkckn cSad ds rduhdh vf/kdkjh ds :i esa fu;qfä dk i= esjs gkFk esa FkkA ,d i;kZIr Hkz"V ,oa /kkdM+ v/kh{k.k ;a=h ls ,d jkst esjh dgk&lquh gqbZA eq[; vfHk;ark rd ckr igqaph vkSj muds lkFk Hkh esjh ugha cuhA ,d ekg dk osru vkSj bLrhQk nsdj eSa Vdlky le>s tkrs ljdkjh egdes ls csnkx ckgj fudy vk;kA cSad ds Hkksiky fLFkr {ks=h; dk;kZy; esa u;s dke ij mifLFkr gqvkA fnu Hkj ds dke ds ckn 'kke dks eq>s cSad dh jk;iqj 'kk[kk esa 'fjiksVZÓ djus dh fpëh fey xbZA bZekunkjh ls rks eSa mu fnuksa Hkksiky NksMuk ugha pkgrk Fkk] ysfdu ckcwth dk jk;iqj [khap jgk FkkA T;knk ekFkk&iPph vFkok vkRefoe'kZ fd;s fcuk eSaus vxys fnu jkr dh xkM+h idM+h vkSj ukxiqjA ukxiqj ls jk;iqjA iaæg vDVwcj dh lqcg ekyoh; jksM fLFkr cSad esa 'TokbuÓ fd;k vkSj nksigj ckn ugjikjk igqap x;kA ns'kca/kq çslA yfyr HkkbZ feysA 'kke dks gh fouksn dqekj 'kqDy ds ?kj dVksjk rkykc esaA nks fnu ckn ckcwth ls HksaV gqbZA mlds ckn rks iafMrth ¼jkekJ; mik/;k;½] nk ¼jktukjk;.k feJ½] lR;saæ xqekLrk]fxfjtk 'kadj] lksgu vxzoky] çHkkdj pkScs] gfj'kadj 'kqDy] foHkq dqekj] gsepaæ 'kekZ] gjsUæ dksfV;kA 1978 yxk vkSj cSad esa gh gchc ruohj lkgc fey x;s] lq/khj lDlsuk Hkh vk x, FksA yhyk/kj eaMyksbZ] rsftUnj] y{esaæ pksiM+k] fujatu egkoj] clar dqekj frokjh] ';ke lqanj 'kekZ] lquhy dqekj----A eq>s jk;iqj esa vius LdwVj ij ?kweuk ;wa yxrk] ekuks tcyiqj esa gwa] cfYd ;wa dgwa fd bVkjlh esa gh rks fopj jgk gwaA ckcwth ds gksus us jk;iqj dks Hkh esjk ?kj cuk fn;k FkkA pkScs dkyksuh okyk ?kj] ek;k HkkHkh] fnus'k vkSj 'khyk HkkHkh vkSj ykM+ys vuqt ds :i esa nhidA cM+s gksrs bfr vkSj iyk'kA bruk lc ikus ds ckn jk;iqj dks eSaus csfgpd viuk eku fy;kA pwafd QhYM vQlj ds ukrs eSa iwjk NÙkhlx<+ ns[krk Fkk] iwjs NÙkhlx<+ us eq>s viuh ckgksa esa cka/k fy;kA vkt Hkh oSlk gh eglwl djrk gwaA ekuks mlh nkSj vkSj mlh fgyksj esa jek gqvkA

cgqr T;knk ifBr vkSj çfrf"Br nSfud lekpkj&i= dh gSfl;r okys ckcwth cM+s i=dkj gSa] ;g rks tkurk Fkk] ij mudk vlyh dn] mudk dfj'ek vkSj dkjksckjh tksf[ke vc le> esa vk jgk FkkA os ^ns'kca/kq* dks c<+k jgs Fks] ysfdu çns'k dh rRdkyhu lÙkk eqf'dysa [kM+k dj jgh FkhA ns'kca/kq ls mls çfri{k tSlk Hk; yxrk vkSj og foKkiu ?kVkus ;k can djus tSlh gjdrksa ij mrj vkbZ FkhA v‚QlsV ij Ni jgk Fkk 'ns'kca/kqÓ vkSj lcls vkxs FkkA eSa [ksy& LraHk fy[krk Fkk]dfork,a&dgkfu;ka HkhA ns'kca/kq vodk'k vad ds lewps i`"B ij NÙkhlx<+ ds vdky dks ysdj esjh yach dfork js[kkaduksa ds lkFk NihA fgUnh v[kckjksa dh nqfu;k esa igyh ckj fdlh nsSfud dk ,d 32 VscykbM lkbt i`"Bksa dk fdØsV fo'ks"kkad fudkyk tks iwjk fcd x;k vkSj ekax bruh fd nqckjk Nkik x;kA ml vad dk vfrfFk laiknu esjk FkkA ;g 1978&79 ds nkSj ij Hkkjr vkbZ v‚LVªsfy;kbZ fØdsV Vhe vkSj Hkkjrh; Vhe ds chp eqdkcys dk ^lhtu* Fkk] ftldk igyk eSp ukxiqj esa Fkk e/;{ks= dh Vhe lsA igyh vH;klh ^okeZvi* fHkM+arA eSa Lo;a ukxiqj x;k vkSj ;k=h Vhe ds çca/kd c‚c esfjeSu] dIrku fde áwt] mi dIrku xzkge ;Syi lesr lHkh f[kykfM;ksa dks vkSj [ksy i=dkjksa dks ^ns'kcU/kq* dh ;g is'kd'k HksaV dhA c‚c eSfjeSu us oknk fd;k fd os bldh çfr;ka v‚LVªsfy;k ys tk,axs] Hkys gh mUgsa fgUnh ugha vkrhA O;aX; dk ,d lkIrkfgd LraHk ' ,d rek'kk esjs vkxsÓ Hkh eSaus turk jkt esa yxkrkj fy[kk vkSj iwjh NwV ds lkFkA mlesa dbZ ckj esjs fy[ks us çns'k ljdkj dks fp<+k;k] mdlk;k vkSj foKkiu can ;k de gksus ds ihNs esjs LraHk dk Hkh fdafpr dqlwj Fkk] ;g ckcwth us eq>s ekyqe gh ugha iMus fn;kA og rks nl&iaæg cjl ckn&tc ckcwth tcyiqj esa vxzoky d‚yksuh esa jg jgs Fks vkSj eSa Hkh tcyiqj esa inLFk Fkk] vkSj yxHkx jkst 'kke mUgsa vius LdwVj ls ijlkbZth ds ?kj rd ys tk;k djrk Fkk] mu fnuksa esa tku ldkA irk ugha dSls ckr fudyh vkSj ckcwth us crk;k fd jkT; ljdkj vkRekuan rd igqapuk pkgrh Fkh] ij mUgksaus bl Nn~e ys[kd dh vlfy;r ugha crkbZA mUgksaus Li"V dg fn;k Fkk] fd os laiknd gSa vkSj v[kckj esa Nih fdlh Hkh pht dks ysdj ljdkj dkjZokbZ djuk pkgrh gS rks mu ij djs] ysfdu os LraHk ys[kd dh igpku tkfgj ugha djsaxsA ckcwth ds eqag ls ;g lqudj eSa mUgsa vokd~ ns[krk jg x;k FkkA vpkud os esjs fy;s vkleku ls gh T;knk Å¡ps gks x, FksA eSa dqN nsj ds fy;s bVkjlh dk og NksVk&lk Nk= gks x;k Fkk] tks n'kdksa iwoZ muds gkFkksa buke ysdj muds ikao Nw jgk FkkA

;g ckcwth dh dSlh ek;k Fkh] fd jk;iqj ds ckn Hkh eSa rcknyksa }kjk tgka&tgka /kdsyk x;k] ogka ns'kcU/kq igys ls ekStwn gksrkA lruk igqapk rks ogka Hkh ns'kcU/kq Fkk] fnus'k jk;iqj ls lruk vk x, FksA fcykliqj esa Hkh ns'kcU/kq vk x;k FkkA ,d Jethoh i=dkj vius vkn'kksaZ ls fgys fcuk] /kucy vkSj fl;klh&Ny ds cxSj Hkh l'kä tu i{k/kj lekpkj i= lewg [kM+k dj ldrk gS] ,slh ifj?kVuk dh os ,dek= felky Fks vkSj jgsaxsA vc rks bl /ka/ks esa rjg&rjg ds psgjs gSa] flQZ ek;kjke lqjtu ljh[kk ,d Hkh la?k"kZ'khy O;fäRo ugha gSA lSdM+ksa ukeh&fxjkeh gSa] tks lk[k [kks pqds pkSFks [kaHks dks dhpM+ esa iVd dj isM U;wt dk Hkksx yxk jgs gSaA [kcjksa dk eqag IysfVue ds <Ddu ls dldj can fd;k tk jgk gSA jax&fcjaxs iUuksa ij dkfy[k gh dkfy[k dkfct gks jgh gSA ,sls esa ek;kjketh csgn t:jh ;kn dh rjg gSaA

vkt eSa dg ldrk gw¡ vkSj yfyrth dh cM+h miyfC/k;ksa dks -f"V esa j[kdj Hkh dgrk gw¡] fd oSls O;fäRo vc gks gh ugha ldrsA fdruh gh rgksa&ijrksa esa vki tk ldrs gSa] ysfdu ek;kjke lqjtu ds vlyh okLro dks ysdj ckcwth ogka tk pqds gSa] tgka ls okilh ugha gksrhA vkSj irk ugha dkSu lk vifjHkk"ks; vkSj çk;: vnh[k fj'rk Fkk muls esjk] fd eSa flaxjkSyh ¼eksjok½ esa ukSdjh ij Fkk] ifjokj tcyiqj esa Fkk vkSj ge lc tcyiqj ls fnYyh x;s gq, FksA ogka ds fe=ksa dk vkxzg Hkh Fkk vkSj bPNk Hkh Fkh gekjh] fd u;k lky ogha euk;k tk;sA ysfdu rhl fnlEcj dks eSa vpkud gh QSlyk dj cSBk Hkksiky ;k=k dkA Hkksiky esa ckcwth rkjlIrd ij dsfUær dk;ZØe djk jgs Fks vkSj vpkud chekj gks x;s FksA 'kk;n os vius gh dk;ZØe esa ugha jg ik, Fks] ysfdu 31 fnlEcj dks os eq>s dqN LoLFk gh feys tc eSa 'kke dks muls feyus igqap gh x;k FkkA rc rfud lh Hkh vk'kadk ugha Fkh] fd muls esjk bl ckj dk feyuk vkf[kjh ckj dk feyuk gksxkA vxys gh fnu geus mudh HkkSfrd nsg dks iaprRoksa esa foyhu gksrs ns[kkA ,d v/;k; [kRe Fkk] ftldh vusd vufy[kh ckrsa ge vc dHkh ugha tku ldsaxsA

cgqvk;keh deZ'khyrk dh çfrewfrZ ek;kjketh dk O;fäRo laf'y"V FkkA vusd O;fäRoksa dk jklk;fud ;kSfxdA os i=dkj Fks] ys[kd Fks] fpard Fks] LoIu-"Vk Fks] deZ;ksxh Fks] çca/kd FksA turk ds fgek;rh Fks] nksLrksa ds nksLr FksA eç fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu dks ,d Å¡pkbZ vkSj fLFkjrk mUgha dh nh gqbZ FkhA ijlkbZth dks tc 'f'k[kj lEekuÓ ls e/;çns'k 'kklu }kjk yxkrkj rhu lky rd oafpr j[kk x;k] rc mUgksaus 'HkoHkwfr vyadj.kÓ dks vkdkj fn;k vkSj ,d egku ys[kd dks lEeku nsus dh t:jh igy dhA Hkksiky ds ys[kdksa dh d‚yksuh mUgha dh ifjdYiuk vkSj dksf'k'k dk urhtk FkkA mlesa mUgksaus eq>s Hkh fujkyk uxj lkslk;Vh dk lnL; cuk;k Fkk] D;ksafd os tku jgs Fks] fd eSaus dgha Hkh edku ugha cuk;k gSA muds cgkus vki ij ckj&ckj viuh gh ckrsa crkus dk vkjksi yxk;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd vki ,sls O;fä ds lkFk tqM+s Fks tks Lo;a ls T;knk fQØ vkidh dj ldrk FkkA muds midkj vusd fy[kus&i<us okyksa ij gSa] ,slksa ij Hkh tks muds fy, -rK gksus ls Hkh drjk ldrs gSaA muds O;fäRo esa ikap rRoksa ds lkFk dksbZ ,slk Hkh rRo Fkk] tks O;fä dks egkurk vkSj vejrk dk Li'kZ djk ldrk gS] djkrk gSA ckcwth dh ;kn Hkh dHkh ugha feVsxhA vkt Hkksiky esa ih,aMVh pkSjkgs ls dqN xt nwj ek;kjke lqjtu Le`fr Hkou gS] e/;çns'k fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu dk viuk HkouA fgUnh fnol ij 2001 esa ;kuh 14 flrEcj dks gqvk f'kykU;kl bekjr dh 'kDy ik x;kA 25 fnlEcj 2005 dks ek;kjke lqjtu Le`fr Hkou dk mn~?kkVu gks x;k vkSj fiNys fnuksa mlesa iqLrdky; Hkh tqM+ x;kA

çxfr'khy ys[kd la?k dh e/;çns'k jkT; bdkbZ dh eq[k&if=dk ^olq/kk* ;gha ls fudy jgh gSA fuR;çfr lkfgfR;d vk;kstu Hkh gks jgs gSaA ,d deZohj&deZ;ksxh ekuks vkxkeh ihf<;ksa ds dkeksa dks laokjrk gqvk ekuks vkt Hkh deZjr gSA bfrgkl mUgsa blh :i esa ns[ksxkA